Symptoms And Treatment Of Anemia - 1551 Words

Megaloblastic anemia due to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) deficiency 1. Abstract Studies have shown that folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia is associated with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) deficiency due to mutations in the DHFR gene. In order for tetrahydrofolate (THR) to be able to participate in the de novo synthesis of DNA building blocks, it needs to be regenerated from dihydrofolate (DHR). Regeneration of THR requires DHR to be reduced by the enzyme DHFR. Hence, a deficiency in DHFR will cause inability for THR to regenerate, leading to impaired DNA synthesis and reduced cell divisions. This then results in immature red blood cells (RBC) being released from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood stream. Various other diseases have been associated with megaloblastic anemia including increased risk of cardiovascular disease, birth deformities and/or stunted development and neurological symptoms such as psychosis and hallucinations. Although latest diagnostic tests are less invasive, more sensitive and take into consideration genetic factors, there is still potential room for improvement as there have been instances of misdiagnosis. Overlapping symptoms between megaloblastic anemia and other disorders such as schizophrenia, childhood absence epilepsy and other types of anemia proves a real challenge that needs to be overcome. Better treatment options such as gene therapy should also be looked into in order to improve patients’ quality of life. 2. IntroductionShow MoreRelatedRed Blood Cell and E.g. Sickle-cell Anemia Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesAnemia is not considerate to be a specific disease; it is a manifestation of many abnormal conditions. Some of the abnormal conditions that causes anemia include dietary deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid; hereditary disorders; bone marrow damaged by toxins, radiation, or chemotherapy; renal disease; malignancy; chronic infection; overactive spleen; or bleeding from a tract or organ. The incidence of anemia in the world is very high. More than 50% of the world suffers fromRead MoreSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickle cell disease. No universal cure has been found for sickle cell anemia (â€Å"Facts About SickleRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And A Wide Range Of Demographics1134 Words   |  5 PagesSickle cell anemia affects a wide range of demographics, from young t o old. However, there are specific groups of people who are likely more prone to this disease than any other group. This disease affects millions of people worldwide regardless of age, but it is particularly common amongst those who derive from specific regions of the world. Sickle cell anemia is most common in those whose ancestors are derived from the sub-Saharan region of Africa. Furthermore, other regions that are known to haveRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia1001 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia Prepared by: Jozalyn Velez Outline †¢ Definition †¢ Symptoms †¢ Causes †¢ Diagnosis †¢ Treatment/prevention †¢ conclusion Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited form of anemia, a condition in which there isn’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout your body. Normally a person has flexible and round blood cells. With Sickle Cell anemia, Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, that carry oxygen in the bodyRead MoreThalassemia is a blood disorder transferred through families. It occurs when the body makes less700 Words   |  3 Pagesleads to anemia. There are two main types of thalassemia. The first one is Alpha thalassemia. This occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated. It happens mostly in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, China, and in those of African descent. If one gene is missing or damaged: Your red blood cells might be smaller than normal. You will have no symptoms and you will not need treatment. If two genes are missing or damaged, you will have very mild anemia that willRead MoreThe Most Common Blood Disorder: Anemia Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesAnemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells. These cells are the main transporters of oxygen to organs. If red blood cells are also deficient in hemoglobin, then your body isnt getting enough oxygen. For this reason, doctors sometimes describe someone with anemia as having a low blood count. A person who has anemia is called anemic. It can reduce your quality of life and increase you r risk of death. Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.SRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia1187 Words   |  5 PagesCase:- Doctor informed complete studies of a 9-year old child with sickle cell anemia. Her main complaints were cough, vague pains in legs (joints), night sweats, abdominal pain, less hunger, and increasing weakness. In a series of knowing experiments that involved taking venous blood from the arm under different conditions, the doctor showed a connection between oxygen tension and sickling of the red blood cells in vivo. When the oxygen pressure fell below 40-45mm Hg, the sickling was marked increasedRead MorePernicious Anemia Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesAnemia is a disorder of the blood. It occurs when your body does not produce enough erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Without the erythrocytes oxygen can not be adequately delivered to the tissues and organs throughout the body. This will cause you to become weak and tired. A person may also experience headaches, skin pallor, and faintness. Your body may attempt to compensate for these symptoms by speeding up the heart rate and respiratory rate. This is the body’s attempt to return oxygenRead MoreA Brief Description of Sickle Cell Anemia1165 Words   |  5 PagesAdams 1 Dwayne Adams Instructor: Croshaw Medical Terminology 1 18, April 2013 Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle-cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin molecules in which the red blood cells loose their disc-shape and become crescent shaped. The shape also known as â€Å"hemoglobin S†. unlike normal red cells which are usually smooth and malleable, tend to collect after releasing oxygen, and cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. TheRead MoreCell Signaling Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesit comes to the topic of human disease breast cancer and sickle cell anemia have been the most prevalent. The importance of these topics in reference to breast cancer and sickle cell anemia are the background information on these diseases, the general population affected, what gene/proteins are involved in these diseases, the symptoms of the diseases, the experimental research, and the key advances/ problems relaying to treatment for the diseases. Understanding the background information and how

Theu.s. Housing Market And The U.s. Financial Crisis

The credit crunch, which occurred in the U.S. housing market between 2007 and 2009, led to the biggest global financial crisis. The impact of this crisis extended over the world, and the economies of many countries were damaged. Kawai stated that: ‘The ongoing global crisis has had a profound impact on the Asia and Pacific region, particularly on its exports.’ (2009:1) There were a lot of factors which brought about the crisis. Due to limited space, this essay will look at the U.S. housing market and the U.S. financial system, and discuss the increasing demand of the subprime market as the most important factor bringing about this crisis. There are three parts in this essay. The first part of this essay will focus on the causes of the†¦show more content†¦According to Marshall (2009), the dramatic increase of house price in the US was more than double from 1998 to the end of 2005, and the rising house prices were the result of large increase in demand. Increasing demand in houses caused the housing bubble. There were three causes which supported subprime market and the creation of the bubble. The first cause of the housing bubble is low interest rates which resulted from inflow of large amount of foreign money since investors from other countries believe that investment in the U.S. provided low risk and good returns for them. Holt illustrated that: ‘Mortgage interest rates were falling despite the low savings rate in the U.S. because of an influx of saving entering the U.S. from other countries’ (2009:121) The Federal Reserve preserved low interest rates policy in order to stimulate economic growth. The interest rates of mortgage market were kept low therefore demand of mortgage lending market went up rapidly. Moreover, mortgage agencies made low short term interest rates for example adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) to encourage house buyer and investment with borrow money. The low interest rates encouraged more people to borrow money in financial market that led to excessive demand in the market and the housing bubble. The second cause of housing bubble

Essay on Atomic Bombing on Japan - 937 Words

Hiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many people. There was an estimated 200,000 lives taken in the atomic bombing on Japan. The war on the Pacific had been going on for over four years before the atomic bombing occurred. There were two big battles that could have led to the United State’s†¦show more content†¦Therefore, on the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Japanese decided to implement surprised attacks on Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor was a US Navy base located in Hawaii. The United States was no t expecting these attacks at all. I feel that the attack on Hiroshima was retaliation for the attacks on Pearl Harbor. Although we may have gone a little over board, it had to be done to establish that the US was not a nation to be messed with. The Japanese’s opportunity to fight back was over after the first atomic bomb was discharged because the navy was taken out, the inability to import food and the lack of industrial supplies. In addition the second atomic bomb was dropped to seal the victory over Japan. Although both Japan and the United States suffered great losses from the altercations, Japan was left with much more trauma. The first atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima immediately killed an estimated amount of 66,000 people out of a population of 255,000. The second bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki instantly killed about 35,000 people. However, a numerous amount of soldiers and citizens of Japan did not immediately die. These bombings lead to an awful amount of physical effects that dismembered the country of Japan for many years. Many individuals of Japan either died or suffered from radiation burns, cancer, leukemia, and many other physical disorders. Research shows thatShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombing Of Japan2375 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction: The research question of this essay is â€Å"To what extent was the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War Justified? In 1945, the United States authorized the dropping of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first bomb, dropped on August 6th 1945, had a total casualty rate of 135,000, including non-combatant civilians, and as this, the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War has indeed been a hugely discussed topic withinRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing Of Japan1228 Words   |  5 Pagesnation in world’s history to subject many human beings to the atomic bombs purposely. That fact is well known to many people, but too little Americans think that the atomic bombing of Japan by the U.S. in August of 1945 in such cautious terms. Before the bombings occurred, there was a debate which was limited to the few top officials who knew of the secret of â€Å"tube alloys† and secret â€Å"S-1†. Once there was an announcement of the bombings, those who were amongst the war, overall accepted these actsRead MoreThe Atomic Bombings Of Japan1029 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most argued topics in all of history is the atomic bombings of Japan in August of 1945. Many argued that we should have done exactly as we did, they would argue it was the only way to get Japan to surrender and to not lose any more American lives. Others believe that it was very unethical in dropping the atomic bombs. The director of Nuclear Studies Institute at American University in Washington D.C, Peter Kuznick, was against the whole idea, stating that â€Å"Truman knew he was beginningRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb was used to save American lives; the most common excuse as to why President Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. In Major Problems in the History of World War II it has been discussed in the chapter The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II that former President Truman recalled how he learned about the atomic bomb project as well as the public opinion on the Atomic Bomb. I believe that the solution that Truman gave when dropping the Atomic Bomb shouldRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pages On August 6, 1945 the course of history was changed. Two atomic bomb s were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiationRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how many atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weapon on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The United States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreMoral Dilemma in History: The Atom Bomb708 Words   |  3 PagesOn August 6, 1945, the B-27 superfortress, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima. Two days later, the B-29 bomber, the Bockscar, dropped the second and final atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered days later on September 2nd, 1945. Since the days of the bombings, there has been much debate about whether use of the the atomic bombs was even necessary to end the war. Even President Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson grappled with its necessity even after they authorizedRead MoreThe Worldly Struggles Of The Sun Shines Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagessituation, were quite common in Japan. Since the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Korean and Japanese people have been struggling to recover, both mentally and physically. In this paper, I will discuss the issue with nuclear weapons by explaining the events in history leading to the Atomic bombings, the vi ctims’ struggle to recover from the bombings, and the action people are taking from the bombings in today’s society. The tension between the United State and Japan have? been around sinceRead MoreHiroshima, Japan, And Japan1352 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city located in Kyushu, Japan. Before

exam 1 Essay - 1953 Words

History suggests that the overwhelming majority of human beings have had to choose between either tyranny or anarchy Correct! True False Question 2 1 / 1 pts The Good Society is what is needed to break the human predicament cycle The Good Society is what is needed to break the human predicament cycle Correct! True False Question 3 1 / 1 pts John Winthrop was an influential Puritan John Winthrop was an influential Puritan Correct! True False Question 4 1 / 1 pts Reason is closely tied to education Reason is closely tied to education Correct! True False Question 5 1 / 1 pts The minutemen are the embodiment of the idea of the hero figure The minutemen are the embodiment of the†¦show more content†¦Alexander Hamilton John Adams James Madison Correct! Thomas Jefferson Question 17 0 / 1 pts American diplomats to the peace negotiations in Paris were instructed to: American diplomats to the peace negotiations in Paris were instructed to: Correct Answer insist on the recognition of American independence You Answered demand British cession of the trans-Allegheny west to the United States play the Spanish off against the British and the French insist on American access to British markets Question 18 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is not an element of a founding? Which of the following is not an element of a founding? fundamental law Correct! monarchy citizenship specific name Question 19 0 / 1 pts The Navigation Acts were intended to The Navigation Acts were intended to promote English industrial development Correct Answer allow England to monopolize American trade You Answered finance the British navy stimulate colonial economic diversification Question 20 1 / 1 pts Which of the following best exemplifies the Greek notion of arete? Which of the following best exemplifies the Greek notion of arete? A man obeys the law so that he will not be thrown in jail A group of activists participate in a violent protest A disgruntled worker does not vote because he does not like the candidates Correct! AShow MoreRelatedEXAM 1 926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿SSD IV MOD 2 EXAM 1 WHAT IS MENTORSHIP? A VOLUNTARY DEVELOPMENTAL RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS BETWEEN A PERSON OF GREATER EXPERIENCE AND A PERSON OF LESSER EXPERIENCE CHARICTORIZED BY MUTUAL TRUST AND RESPECT 1 WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLE WAYS IN WHICH LEADERS DEVELOP OTHERS? COUNSELING, COACHING, MENTORING 2 WHICH ATTRIBUTE OF THE BROADLY SKILLED NCO PORTRAYS THE NCO AS ONE WHO EMBRACES PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT? LEADER DEVELOPER 2 HOW CAN SOLDIERS INCREASE THEIR CHANCES OF BEING MENTIED?Read MoreExam 15433 Words   |  22 Pages* Question 1 1.67 out of 1.67 points | |    | One major difference between the 1.0 and 2.0 approaches to business communication is that in the 2.0 approach audiences are encouraged to beAnswer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   active participants in the communication. | Response Feedback: | In Business 1.0 approach, messages are scripted by designated communication, approved by someone in authority, distributed through selected channels, and delivered without modification to a passiveRead Moreexam 12121 Words   |  9 Pages10 ADL 11 Homework - Googleæâ€"‡æ ¡ £ ç ¬ ¬1é ¡ µ å… ±11é ¡ µ https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G8cf7cZrQbRDH7UG05fGtBUmSJ... Study for Bio 97 Notes for Finals (ADL HW 10) Item #1 Recombination occurs when combinations of alleles not found in either parent are placed into gametes during meiosis in the F generation. The F can be thought of as having been formed 1 1 from two haploid â€Å"input† gametes. In this case, the F is a dihybrid with AB on one chromosome and ab on the other 1 chromosome. You can tell this by lookingRead MoreExam 1 Sol1373 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Exam 1 1. Country A is extremely efficient in the mining of tin. However, its climate and terrain makes it difficult to produce corn. According to the theory of comparative advantage, Country A should: concentrate its production on tin and buy corn from an efficient producer. 2. Climate and terrain in several South American countries are conducive to growing coffee efficiently. While other countries can grow coffee, they are not as efficient and effective at coffee growing because of short seasonsRead MoreExam 1 Review1937 Words   |  8 Pages12345) Mid-Term Exam – Review Questions 1) All of these are pitfalls an organization should avoid in strategic planning EXCEPT (Ch. 1) Some pitfalls to watch for and avoid in strategic planning are these: ï‚ · Using strategic planning to gain control over decisions and resources ï‚ · Doing strategic planning only to satisfy accreditation or regulatory requeriments ï‚ · Too hastily moving from mission development to strategy formulation ï‚ · Failing to communicate the plan to employees, who continue workingRead MorePractice Exam For Exam 2 12724 Words   |  11 PagesPractice questions for EC340 Midterm Exam #2 1. To help its domestic producers, the United States unilaterally raised tariffs on ____ in early 2002, but after a ruling against the United States by the WTO, it was forced to remove the tariff. A) autos B) steel C) tires D) dairy products Use the following to answer questions 2-6: SCENARIO: GUATEMALA S TELEVISION MARKET This table gives the hypothetical supply and demand of television sets in Guatemala. Guatemala is a small country that is unableRead MoreExam 1 Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages1. Each of the following is a major category of abilities EXCEPT: - B) Creativity 2. In Decis theory of intrinsic motivation, the enjoyment gained from task-challenge decreases when: - b) External rewards for success are provided 3. A mechanistic organization exhibits: - d) all of the above 4. Goals most likely to be obtained are: - D) AllRead MorePractice Exam 11256 Words   |  6 Pagesd 1. What is the correct formula for the carbonate ion? (a) CH3COO(b) Cl(c) CO22(d) CO32(e) (COO-)2 c 2. What is the name of Fe(OH)3? (a) (b) (c) iron hydroxide iron trihydroxide iron (III) hydroxide (d) (e) iron (II) hydroxide none of these d 3. From the following ionic compounds, choose the name-formula pair that is not correctly matched. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) sodium sulfide ammonium nitrate zinc hydroxide sodium sulfate calcium oxide Na2S NH4NO3 Zn(OH)2 Na2SO3 CaO b 4. How manyRead MoreExam 1 Essay2266 Words   |  10 Pages1. | |    | According to the right of privacy, employers can conceal the nature of the job before hiring an employee. | | Student Response | Correct Answer | False | False | |    | | 2. | |    | The concept of human resource management implies that employees are interchangeable, easily replaced assets that must be managed like any other physical asset. | | Student Response | Correct Answer | False | False | |    | | 3. | |    | Currently, no federal lawsRead MoreMktg Exam 12332 Words   |  10 PagesPSU MKTG 301 Test #1 Spring 2012 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. Sara Lee Industries spent considerable money and time developing crustless bread. Prior to the introduction, the company had not conducted market research among its customers, but it was confident that its science and technology department had produced a successful new product. Based on this example, Sara Lee is a good example of a production oriented company. TRUE 2. While most marketing organizations

Cell Biology Final Review Free Essays

string(190) " change that promotes formation of a functional dimeric receptor, bringing together two poorly active kinases that then phosphorylate each other on a tyrosine residue in the activation lip\." Chapter 15 Signal Transduction 1) Endocrine, paracrine , autocrine signaling, and cell-cell contact (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is long distance signaling. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Biology Final Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now An example would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for close proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand also contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached proteins, the target cell does something in response to direct contact from the signaling cell. ) List examples of 1) steroid hormones and 2) amino acid derivatives that act as ligands. What are the catecholamines, and which amino acid are they derived from? Steroid hormones bind cytosolic receptors. They include cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine and retinoic acid. Steroid receptor complexes increase or decrease the transcription rates of certain genes. Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin and histamine are ligands that are derived from amino acids. Catecholamines are ligands derived from the amino acid tyrosine. 3) W hat’s an agonist? What’s an antagonist? A doctor prescribes isoproterenol to his patient – why? Why not epinephrine? Another patient receives alprenolol – why? (See page 629 and Fig. 15-5). Agonist= structural analog, antagonist=inhibitor. Isoproterenol has lower Kd (higher affinity) than epinephrine, and will inc. smooth heart muscle contraction. Alprenol is an antagonist (â€Å"beta blocker†) and slows heart contractions 4) What are the five kinds of second messengers we described in lecture. (Fig. 15-9 shows only four): cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3 and Ca2+ 5) What are GTP-binding (switch) proteins? When are they on? When are they off? (Fig 15-8). GEFs help turn them on. GAPs help turn them off. Are â€Å"on† when bind GTP, and â€Å"off† when bind GDP. Ex: Ras, Ran, trimeric G proteins 6) What are kinases versus phosphatases? Kinases phosphorylate, Phosphatases dephosphorylate 7) What are the main features of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR, Figs. 15-10, 15-12, and 15-13)? What is epinephrine and what kinds of receptors does it bind on what cells to induce what responses? GPCRs= â€Å"seven-pass† receptors with amino terminus outside cell and carboxy terminus inside cell. Epinephrine released when glucose needed quickly (inc. glycogenolysis and lipolysis); binds to GPCR receptor , which activates a G protein (switch protein), which activates an effector protein (adenylyl cyclase) producing cAMP NOTE: cAMP does not involve RTK (tyrosine), but uses Ser/Thr kinases! PDE degrades cAMP 8) Describe the three G proteins ? , ? , and ?. Which one binds GTP/GDP (hint for question 6 above). G? —binds GDP, is tethered to inner leaflet of plasma membrane, but dissociates from ? and ? to activate effector protein (adenylyl cyclase). G? and G? never separated! Are tethered to inner leaflet and work as a unit. 9) Describe FRET (Fig. 15-14). 10) What is adenylyl cyclase? Figs 15-21 and 15-22. What does it do? How is adenylyl cyclase positively and negatively controlled? Positive: epinephrine binds ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gs, actvating adenylyl cyclase; Negative: PGE binds to ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gi which then inhibits adenylyl cyclase. 11) The complete â€Å"Fight or Flight† road map. YIKES!! What happens when cAMP rises? What happens when cAMP drops? 12) T/F: Second messengers are long-lived in their signaling effectiveness? How is cAMP degraded? PDE 13) What is cAMP-dependent protein kinase and how does it work? (Figs. 15-23 and 16-31) Do not involve tyrosine kinases (RTK), but use Ser/Thr kinases (binding of cAMP releases catalytic sites†¦) 14) What do we mean by amplification in signal transduction? Fig. 15-26. So many steps involved in signal transduction b/c you’re amplifying signal at every step fast response 15) PIP2, DAG, IP3, and the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. (Fig. 15-30). Each PI kinase phosphorylates inositol ring: PI PIP PIP2, and cleavage of PIP2 by Phospholipase C yields DAG and IP3. Phospholipase C is activated by a hormone binding to GPCRs and activation of G proteins. IP3 releases Ca2+ back into cytosol to transduce a signal (Ca2+ binds to PKC which binds to DAG phosphorylates substrates). Ca2+ pumps normally pump Ca2+ (from cytosol) into ER or out to exterior; yet IP3 causes ion channels to open and release Ca2+ into cytosol. Once Ca2+ released, it positively feeds back on channels to allow more Ca2+ to flow out. But once Ca2+ becomes depleted from ER and at high conc. in cytosol, it inhibits channels. ALSO: once Ca2+ rises in cytosol, acts as a 2nd messenger to trigger insulin release 6) Calmodulin. Activated by binding of 4 Ca2+ molecules, it then activates: PDE (to degrade cAMP), glycogen phosphorylase kinase GPK (to break down glucose, activates this path without cAMP! ), other protein kinases, and Nitric Oxide (NO) synthase (involved in acetylcholine relaxation of smooth muscle in conjunction with cGMP) 17) How are blood vessels dilated by acetylcholine (Fig. 15-31)? BTW, what does Viagra do? Acetylcholine binds acetylcholine GPCR, which activates phospholipase C, which makes IP3, which binds to Ca2+ (leading it to inc. n cytosol), and Ca2+ binds calmodulin, which activates NO synthase that produces NO. The NO is then released by paracrine signaling into muscle cells and binds NO receptor that converts GTP to cGMP, which activates protein kinase G relaxation of muscle cell and through endocrine signaling causes blood vessel dilation. VIAGRA blocks degradation of cGMP by PDE (may cause blindness b/c rod cells kept open by cGMP) 18) Beta arrestin in receptor desensitization. If receptor constantly exposed to epinephrine, may itself become phosphorylated by PKAblocking transducing signal, downregulating ALL GPCRs. Once ? -adrenergic receptor is phosphorylated by BARK (? -adrenergic receptor kinase) ? -arrestin binds the receptor to block its activation of Gs, as well as promotes formation of *clathrin-coated vesicles for endocytosis of the bound receptor (to deplete surface receptors) CHAPTER 16: Signal Transduction and Gene Expression 1) List several ligands that bind to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). * Nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and more List several kinds of general responses that could occur. What characteristics are different between RTKs and GPCRs (i. e. their protein structure and function)? * RTK= receptor tyrosine kinases; havee components: extracellular ligand-binding site, a single hydrophobic trans-membrane ? helix, and a cytosolic catalytic domain. Ligand binding causes a conformational change that promotes formation of a functional dimeric receptor, bringing together two poorly active kinases that then phosphorylate each other on a tyrosine residue in the activation lip. You read "Cell Biology Final Review" in category "Papers" Phosphorylation causes the lip to move out of the catalytic site, thus allowing ATP or a protein substrate to bind. The activated kinase then phosphorylates other tyrosine residues in the receptor’s cytosolic domain. The resulting phophotyrosines function as docking sites for various signal-transduction proteins. * GPCR= G-protein coupled receptors. Binding of ligand triggers the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G? subunit and dissociation of G? †¢GTP from the G complex, and G? subunit transduces the signal, but in yeast pheromone receptors it’s the G complex. G unctions by triggering a kinase cascade (similar to the one for Ras). Its proteins are involved in mating-specific cellular responses. 2) What are adaptor proteins? Specifically what are SH2, SH3, and PTB domains and how do they work. (Figs. 16-19, 16-20) No intrinsic enzyme activity; have docking sites for other effector proteins, such as SH2, SH3, or PTB domain (Phospho-Tyrosine Binding). These docking prot eins pass the signal onto Ras. 3) Growth FactorRTKGRB2SOSRasRafMEKMAPdifferential gene expression for cell division or specific cell type differentiation. What happens at each step? (Figs. 16-21, 16-22, 16-25, 16-27). Why so many steps (see question 16 in the previous section)? Sev gene regulates R7 development and in mutants R7 is missing cell differentiates into a cone instead and flies now sensitive to UV light. The Sev gene product is RTK and Boss (in R8 cells) is the ligand for this RTK. Once Boss binds/activates Sev RTK it causes GRB2 (with SH subunits) to bind receptor, leading to relocation of SOS (the GEF for Ras) from the cytosol to the membrane where Ras-GDP resides and it activates it†¦ ) Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 tri-phosphate and Protein Kinase B (Fig. 16-29 and 16-30). PI-3,4,5-triphosphate ( made by phosphorylation of PIP2 at #3 OH by PI-3 Kinase) is docking site for Protein Kinase B. PKB bound to PI 3,4,5-triphosphate and PDK1 (also bound to PI 3,4,5triphosphate) diffuse into membrane and PDK1 phosphorylates/activates PKB Ras-independent insulin signaling 5) Insulin versus glucagon. (Slide from lecture shows a Ta ble comparing and contrasting the two ligands and their effects on serum glucose. ) Insulin: synthesized in ? ells and when there’s high blood glucose activate GLUT4 (glucose transporter) and inc activity of glycogen synthase removal of glucose from blood and its storage as glycogen. Glucagon: reacts to a decrease in blood glucose, stimulating release of glucagon, activating adenylyl cyclase, activating glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glycogen synthase degradation of glycogen and release of glucose into blood. Chapter 20: The Cell Cycle 1) Who were the three Nobel Prize winners in Physiology and Medicine for 2001? * Leland Hartwell * Tim Hunt * Paul Nurse ) Review the gross morphological events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. * Prophase * Chromosomes condense to the 30nm solenoid fiber * Chromatids remain attached at the centromeres and the spindle forms * The nuclear envelope disassembles in most eukaryotic cells (called â€Å"open† mitosis). Ye asts and other fungi have a â€Å"closed† mitosis * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Metaphase – Condensed chromosomes align in a straight line that is referred to as the metaphase â€Å"plate† * Anaphase * Sister chromatids separate from each other The spindle is critical for chromatid movement to opposite poles * Molecular motors generate force and movement * Telophase * Beginning of the next interphase * Chromosomes begin to decondense * The nuclear envelop and the nucleolus begin to reassemble * Cytokinesis * Cytoplasm divides * Golgi and ER reform from vesicle fusion 3) Figure 20-2 is a good summary. 4) Three major classes of Cdk/cyclin complexes: Where they work in the cell cycle, and what do they do. What are the three critical steps in the cell cycle? * G1 cyclin-CDKs Expressed when growth factors (EGF, PDGF, NGF, etc) signal the cells to divide * Phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in mammalian cells * S-phase cyclin-CDKs * Form during G1, but ar e held silent by an inhibitor * The inhibitor is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Then, the cell progresses into S-phase * Mitotic cyclin-CDKs * Also called MPF (maturation/mitosis promoting factor) * Form in S-phase and G2, but are held silent until late G2 * Once activated, mitotic Cdk-complexes initiate mitosis * Chromosome condensation Nuclear envelope disassembles and the spindle forms * Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Partially activates anaphase promoting complex (APC) 5) Classic experiments: * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a M-phase cell? Fig. 20-3 * Interphase cells advance prematuring into M-phase * Now we know that the diffusible regulators are the mitotic Cdk-complexes (MPF) * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a S-phase cell? * G1 nuclei begin to replicate their DNA prematurely Used [3H]-thymidine incorporation and autoradiography to visualize DNA synthesis * Now know that diffusible S-phase Cdk-com plexes activated the pre-replication complexes on DNA origins of replication in the G1 nuclei * What happens when you fuse a G2 cell to a S-phase cell? * Re-replication of G2 DNA does not occur * Once DNA is replicated, it cannot be re-replicated in that same cycle * What’s the diffusible regulator in the first experiment? MPF 6) What two species of yeast were used to decipher the genetics of the cell ycle? What’s a closed mitosis versus and open mitosis? * Budding and fission yeast * In open mitosis, the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelop does not disassemble. 7) What is â€Å"cloning by complementation†? (Fig. 20-4). This is the same as functional complementation. * Many cdc mutations identified are temperature sensitive * Grow and divide at permissive temperatures * Fail to divide at non-permissive temperatures * We can select cDNAs by functional complementation ) What is MPF (what two proteins make up MPF) an d where did its name come from (i. e. what organism and cell type)? (Figs. 20-5 and 20-6) * MPF is the maturation promoting factor. It is comprised of Cdk1-Cyclin B * The name came from studying frog oocyte maturation in vitro 9) The pathway to MPF destruction: What is Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)? What activates APC? What does APC then do and how does it do it? Fig. 20-10 * MPF is a kinase that phosphorylates many different substrates to initiate mitotic events * To exit mitosis, MPF must be destroyed Destruction of MPF depends on the destruction of Cyclin B * Destruction of Cyclin B is via the ubiquitin pathway * Ubiquitin is covalently linked to lysines behind the destruction box * Cyclin B without the destruction box will not be destroyed * APC destroys MPF, but APC was actually activated earlier at anaphase by MPF 10) You have to know Fig. 20-13 and 20-14!! 11) Molecular events at the onset of mitosis: a) Nuclear envelope disassembly: what are the lamin proteins, how do the y disassemble, and where do they go when they disassemble? (Figs. 0-16, 20-17) * The nuclear lamina supports the nuclear envelope. It is found on the underside of the inner envelope membrane. * The nuclear lamina is made of three lamin proteins: A, B and C * All three lamin protein form coiled-coil dimers * Two dimers form a tetramer with head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientations * MPF phosphorylation of Ser residues causes disassembly * A and C diffuse into the cytoplasm. B remains bound to the membranes that form vesicles during mitosis b) Condensation of chromatin: what are the SMC protein (condensins)? * SMC proteins in yeast Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) * Large proteins that form coiled-coils * ATPase activity in their C-terminus * Function in the normal segregation of chromatids * SMC proteins in frogs * Part of a complex called condensin that becomes phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis * Condensins bind DNA and wind it into â€Å"supercoils† with ATP hydrolysis * Several condensins bind along the lenth of the chromosomes to form coiled-coils to compact the DNA c) Spindle assembly due to MPF phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins d) ER and Golgi vesiculation – due to direct MPF phosphorylation What are the cohesins – what do they do and what regulates their activity? How does APC play a role in this regulation? (Fig. 20-21, 20-22) * Cohesins hold sister chromatids together * Separation of chromatids is not dependent on MPF destruction * Cohesin function is regulated by an anaphase inhibitor called securing. This inhibitor is a target for APC ubiquitination 12) Yeast cell cycle (Figs. 20-29 and 20-28) * Sic1 is the S-phase inhibitor destroyed by ubiquitination * E3 for the ubiquitination is cdc34 * The ubiquitination complex is called SCF Once Sic1 is destroyed, Cdc28/Clb5 + 6 phosphorylate substrates to initiate DNA replication * G1 cyclin-Cdc28 phosphorylated Sic1, enabling its recognition and ubiquitination by Cdc34 and SCF * Cln1 and Cln2 arise early on in the cell * Cdc28 is only in yeast * Clb5 and Clb6 arise late in G1. They are called S-phae cyclins. They are rapidly turned on by the destruction of Sic1 13) Why chromosomes replicate only once per cell cycle ( Fig. 20-30) * Protein degradation makes cell cycle progression move forward, not reverse * Sic1 is destroyed at G1 to S-phase transition Anaphase inhibitory (securing) is destroyed at the metaphase to anaphase transition * Cyclin B is destroyed at the mitosis to G1 transition 14) Early and late mammalian response genes. 15) Mammalian cell cycle (Fig. 20-32) * Growth factor hormones are called mitogens * The absence of mitogens cases cells to arrest in G1 or G0 * If mitogens are added, cells advance past the restriction point and are committed to S-phase and mitosis * Mammalian cells have several Cdks * Cdk 1, 2, 4, and 6 are used for the cell cycle * Cdk 1 complements Cdc2 * Mammalian cells also have multiple cyclins: D, E, A and B 6) D and E cyclins and their function, the Rb and E2F proteins (Figs. 20-33) * D type cyclins come from proto-oncogenes * Cyclin E is the principle player getting the cell past the restriction point * Cyclin D-Cdk4 or 6 is activated first and then Cyclin E-Cdk2 * Once CyclinD-Cdk4/6 is activated in phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) which releases E2F * E2F now acts as a transcription activator. Cyclin E-Cdk2 then phosphorylated even more Rb/E2F via positive feedback loop 17) Overview of mammalian check points, p53 (Figs. 20-34 and 20-35) How to cite Cell Biology Final Review, Papers

A New Database of Financial Reforms

Question: Describe about A New Database of Financial Reforms? Answer: Introduction The global financial system continues to be buoyed by the risk appetite of the investor. The volatility of the financial markets affects the economic growth of the country. The failure of the financial market provides a rationale for the government intervention. The paper has tried to understand the rationale behind the intervention of the Government for the stability of the financial markets. The paper has identified the major market failures. The success of the Government intervention in the financial markets has been mixed (Szafarz, n.d.). Significance of the study The study on the Government intervention is important. It will help to identify the rationale behind the Government intervention. The regulatory mechanism applied by the Government can be studied. The role of Government in era of financial innovation is important. It will help to determine the success factors of the financial innovation. The role of Government is the success can be identified (Worldfinance.com, 2015). Scope of the study The paper analyses the significance of Government intervention to stabilize the financial market. The paper will identify the role played by the Government in the era of financial innovation. The various pressures on the financial organizations while reporting in the financial statements will be analyzed. It will also identify the role played by the Government during financial debacle. The positive and negative aspects of intervention of the Government will be analyzed in the paper. Literature Review The role of the Government in the financial market has been a long standing debate. The major areas of debate are as follows The modern capitalist form of society is marked by phenomena of financial crisis and economic recessions. The decisions taken by the banks are not enough to control the financial debacles. The costs that are associated with the collapse of the savings and the loan association in United States can be considered as big financial debacles. The financial problems have extended from United States to Japan. It has also spread across number of European countries. It is also spread across number of developing countries across the globe. Thus in order to resolve the issues and bring financial stability in the country, intervention of the Government has become mandatory. There have been important financial innovations in the past decade. This has led to the introduction and development of new institutions and new technologies. The capital markets have developed them in order to be a hallmark of the developed economy. Deregulation has been a dominant theme in the economic policy of the countries. It is also seen in the financial markets. The major reason behind the deregulation is to liberalize the financial markets. But there has been debate regarding the basis behind the liberalization of the financial market. It has been said that neither the economic policy , nor the government intervention has been the major reason behind liberalization of the financial market. The existence of market failure need not justify the government intervention. Since the financial markets are complex, the regulators of the financial markets are bestowed with variety of problems. Failure of the policies of the Government is seen in the United States savings and loan debacle (Dwyer, 2005). Government intervention in the Australian financial market The impact of global recession in Australia has been less severe than the OECD countries. The financial sector has been protected by the limited negative impact of the financial crisis on the economy. The role of the Government plays a major role to combat such a financial debacle. The monetary and fiscal policies by the Government have been developed in response to the crisis. There has been positive growth in the economy of the country by 0.5% every year aftermath the financial crisis (Federalreserve.gov, 2015). This has outperformed most of the OECD countries. The intervention of the Government policies has resulted in robust growth of the labor income and payments. It was a part of the fiscal stimulus package of the Government. In response to the financial crisis the monetary policy by the Government has provided a significant boost to the balance sheet of the households. In the early 2009, Australia has benefitted from the positive contribution from the foreign trade (Lensberg, Schenk-Hopp Ladley, 2015). This has been possible as a result of imports from China. Unlike the OECD countries, the profitability of the banks was not affected by the financial crisis. The policy response of the Reserve Bank and the Federal Government has helped to protect the financial system of the country. The prudential regulation from RBA with the creation of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) in the year 1998 regulated the financial sector of the country. The regulators of the financial market responded to the recent crisis in a prudent manner. The increase in the nervousness of the financial market was regulated by the intervention of the Federal Government (Hao Lu, n.d.). The competition in the Australian Banking sector is healthy. The concentration of the housing loans in the country has increased (Zarutskie, n.d.). The market is still competitive as the non Australian banks comprise 30% of the business credit and the competition is considered to be a healthy alternative. However in order to boost the economy, competition has been reinforced in the mortgage market. The Government has extended its investment in the residential and mortgage backed securities (RMBS) in order to support the small lenders (Singh LaBrosse, n.d.). The Australian Government has introduced measures that will favor stability as well as competition in the economy. The efficient financial system will be able to promote the growth and standard of living. On the other hand the competition policy has been introduced in order to encourage innovation and efficiency. RBA has undertaken long standing measures to prmote the financial stability of the economy (Hauge, Lfstrm Mellegrd, 2014). The APRA has been developed to taken systemic review of the financial position of the economy while conducting its prudential regulation. The systemic risks are minimized by the clearing and systems of settlement. The treasury is responsible for advising the Government on the issues of financial stability. The regulatory systems in Australia have instrument independence. They have the freedom to exercise their responsibilities so that the goal of the Government can be met in an efficient manner and a stable financial system can be restored. This will su pport the growth of the economy. The independence of the financial system requires the explicit support from the Government which is critical to ensure the effectiveness of the financial regulators ('Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance', 2007). Role of competition policy in the financial sectors and Government intervention The extent to which the competition policy can be applied in the financial sector remains unclear. But the attitude towards the competition in the banking has changed dramatically. The mergers in United States are under constant review of the Government. But the intervention of the Government is liberal than it is visible in other countries. The mergers are assessed by the Government on the basis of the relevant regulator (Kettl, 2000). The implementation of competition policy in the banking sector in Europe has strengthened substantially. In Canada it is seen that the merger of the financial institution will be exempted from the control of merger if the Minister of Finance certifies that the merger will be in the best interest of the financial system of Canada. Similarly in Switzerland, the competition authority may be replaced and a possible merger of the bank will be approved if it becomes a necessity to protect the interest of the creditors (Chen Findlay, 2003). In the financial sectors, the Governments are under constant pressure to support the industries in order to favor the economic recovery (Financial Stability Review, 2014). Guarantee arrangements as a part of the financial system landscape One of the policy intervention mechanism by the Government has been in the form of guarantee arrangements is some parts of the financial sector. The fiscal outlays for such type of arrangements are less. There will not be a rise in the fiscal costs even if the coverage of the risks does not materialize. Conscious policies were introduced by some countries in order to form a firewall into the financial system. This was done to prevent the real shocks in the economy. In this context it was suggested by Wylie (2009) that Australia and United States can be considered as opposite ends of the spectrum in the policy use of guarantees to address the financial policy objectives. The domestic financial market of United States has been benefitted from the government supported guarantee arrangements for the depositors and the pension fund beneficiaries. On the other hand, Australia did not have any insurance on deposit prior to the financial crisis. The sense of complacency has been potentially harmful among the beneficiaries. The role of guarantee arrangements has been reassessed by the Government aftermath the global financial crisis. The Government has introduced certain measures to maintain the investor and consumer confidence in the system. In the year 2010, the European commission has launched a public consultation regarding the methods for the improvement of the protection for the insurance policy holders. It was stated that the policies would be implemented in all the member states (Hanazaki, 2000). Disadvantages of Government Intervention Recapitalization The selling of the Government stakes in the market place has negative impact on the equity markets. The financial position for the banks could be improved by repayment from the recapitalized banks. This was demonstrated by United States where the banks had welcomed the repayment of the Troubled Assets Recovery Plan funds by the various financial institutions. Purchase of assets by the Government There are several cases where the Government has purchased assets which are impaired and illiquid. This is done mostly to help the bank to clear their balance sheet. The impaired assets can be sold by the banks in the market or it could be held by the Government until their expiry. In such cases the role of the Government is to raise highest possible return by efficient management of the asset. Inefficient management of the assets could be potential cost to the Government. It largely depends on the price to which the assets are sold in the market (Claessens, 2006). Government intervention affects Global trade The international trade is affected by the interventionist Government. Free market regulation is beneficial for the countries like America and Europe. Excessive pressure on the banking system has adverse impact on the banking system of the countries. But it was argued by Friedman that the market has to be free so that it can operate freely. But intervention of the Government introduces political intervention which results in poor performance of the financial markets. According to him free market is the best way in which an economy can run. There is no exchange takes place and both the parties are benefitted (Goldstein, Kaminsky Reinhart, 2000). Failure of Government strategies Many Governments have been reluctant to sanction high level of funds. They had taken the initiative foreseeing better opportunities for the growth in the investment from the private sector. The Government had undertaken the measure in order to take advantage of the better business environment by using skilled work force. There has been a cutback in the public spending and the stability of the debt levels has been achieved by the measures taken by Government of Britain and Germany. But the strategies implemented by the Government gave rise to mixed results (Abiad, Detragiache Tressel, 2009). The growth in UK stalled and there was double dip recession in the country. The Government was forced to cutback expenditure (Mason, 2009). Conclusion The paper has identified the positive and negative aspect of the Government intervention on the financial markets. The intervention of the Government in the financial market of Australia has been successful in recovery of the economy from the financial crisis. The recovery of the Australian economy was faster than the OECD countries. This is due to the policies implemented by the Government for the financial stability. The competition policy of the Government has driven the growth of the economy. Other country like United States, Europe and Asian market has been able to recover from the financial turmoil as a result of government intervention. But the intervention of the Government has posed threat to the economy. The purchase of illiquid assets has resulted in poor growth of the banking sector. The intervention of the Government in the financial market has also been a result of political pressure. This has resulted in instability of the financial markets. But the Government interven tion by formulating certain policies has been beneficial to stabilize the economy from the financial debacles of recession. The disdain of the financial market could be controlled to a considerable extent by the measures implemented by the Government. References Abiad, A., Detragiache, E., Tressel, T. (2009). A New Database of Financial Reforms.IMF Staff Pap,57(2), 281-302. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2009.23 Chen, C., Findlay, C. (2003). A Review of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions in APEC.Asian-Pac Econ Lit,17(2), 14-38. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8411.2003.00129.x Claessens, S. (2006). Access to Financial Services: A Review of the Issues and Public Policy Objectives.The World Bank Research Observer,21(2), 207-240. doi:10.1093/wbro/lkl004 Dwyer, G. (2005). Introduction to the journal of financial stability issue on regulation and financial stability.Journal Of Financial Stability,1(3), 275-278. doi:10.1016/j.jfs.2005.02.001 Federalreserve.gov,. (2015).FRB: Speech with Slideshow--Powell, Financial Institutions, Financial Markets, and Financial Stability--February 18, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20150218a.htm Financial Stability Review. (2014) (1st ed., pp. 1-20). Goldstein, M., Kaminsky, G., Reinhart, C. (2000).Assessing financial vulnerability. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. Government failure versus market failure: microeconomics policy research and government performance. (2007).Choice Reviews Online,44(09), 44-5165-44-5165. doi:10.5860/choice.44-5165 Hanazaki, M. (2000). Is Japan's financial system efficient?.Oxford Review Of Economic Policy,16(2), 61-73. doi:10.1093/oxrep/16.2.61 Hao, Y., Lu, J. The Impact of Government Intervention on Corporate Investment Allocation and Efficiency: Evidence from China.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2512351 Hauge, ., Lfstrm, E., Mellegrd, S. (2014). How to Maximize the Chances of Sustainable Renovation in Housing Cooperatives.Energy Procedia,58, 193-198. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.428 Kettl, D. (2000). The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government.Public Administration Review,60(6), 488-497. doi:10.1111/0033-3352.00112 Lensberg, T., Schenk-Hopp, K., Ladley, D. (2015). Costs and benefits of financial regulation: Short-selling bans and transaction taxes.Journal Of Banking Finance,51, 103-118. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.10.014 Mason, C. (2009). Public Policy Support for the Informal Venture Capital Market in Europe: A Critical Review.International Small Business Journal,27(5), 536-556. doi:10.1177/0266242609338754 Singh, D., LaBrosse, J. Developing a Framework for Effective Financial Crisis Management.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2001978 Szafarz, A. How Did Financial-Crisis-Based Criticisms of Market Efficiency Get it so Wrong?.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1510444 Worldfinance.com,. (2015).Too much government meddling?. Retrieved 19 March 2015, from https://www.worldfinance.com/home/special-reports-home/to-intervene-or-not-to-internvene Zarutskie, R. Competition, Financial Innovation and Specialization in Credit Markets.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1364196